Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico Essay

Aztec culture Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â The historical backdrop of various individuals and how they lived in the past is significantly clarified through their social lifestyle. Individuals lived in various land areas, however because of comparative ethic and racial foundation they shared a typical foundation regarding social, political, social, and strict convictions. Aztec domain is one of the social orders that lived in various land territories which included New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada, yet had comparative culture. The realm was shaped by a huge number of individuals who moved and settled in Mexico with the greater part of them living in Tenochtitlan (Pennock, 2011). The Aztec had a culture that was convoluted albeit wealthy in strict and fanciful convictions. The individuals culture incorporated expressions (carvings on creatures and strict pictures) music, dressing, move, drinks, sports, food, games, and customs that could include human penance and they were moved from o ne age to the next.  â â â â â â â â â â The Aztec realm accepted that a family was the most significant viewpoint that meant life and new ages. The family was made out of men, ladies, and youngsters and every part had a particular obligation towards the family. Men were liable for searching for food through chasing and assembling of wild natural products. Ladies were left to prepare food and do the weaving occupations while they dealt with youngsters during the day. Kids or little fellows were prepared on the most proficient method to chase and accumulate foods grown from the ground by their dads and some went to class. Then again, little youngsters were prepared on the best way to do family unit errands by their moms notwithstanding weaving. A family was begun through custom marriage that was directed through functions and was between little youngsters as youthful as fifteen years and men as youthful as eighteen years (Pennock, 2011).  â â â â â â â â â â Art was one of the manners in which the Aztec culture recorded data on various convictions, religion, and war passage. The accounts helped the individuals to move their convictions and cultiure to different ages so they would be consistent from one age to the next. Since in the early Aztec culture scarcely any innovation on recording and safeguarding data were accessible, they recorded their data advise regarding compositions and works on the bark of trees. The compositions and artistic creations were then put away in the sanctuary and individuals could peruse and utilize the works of art to gain proficiency with their history and they fighting experience (Smith, 2008). The fine arts was finished utilizing different topics, for example, creepy crawlies, creatures, fish, and plants. Also, others reflected religion convictions and divine beings that were significantly positioned in sanctuaries. Henceforth, workmanship was significant in the Aztec cultu re as it was utilized to record their exercises and occasions that could be passed from one age to the next.  â â â â â â â â â â Religion was obvious in Aztec culture. The Aztec individuals loved various divine beings and goddess that were ordered by their duties. Since Aztec individuals were for the most part ranchers, they led customs in type of functions each prior year planting with the goal that they could guarantee that they could get a decent yield and collect. The services included human forfeits that were devoted to divine beings, Tezcatlipoca (Hassig, 2013). The human penances were acquired from kids or detainees that were caught during war with the neighboring social orders. They accepted that human blood and heart was significant to reinforced the divine beings and goddesses and favor them with great harvests notwithstanding their security and vanquishing different social orders to get more detainees for human penances. In addition, they assemble huge sanctuaries that were intended for playing out the human penances (Smith, 2008).  â â â â â â â â â â The Aztec domain additionally had a remarkable dress that was utilized to recognize them with their way of life that was a piece of craftsmanship. The material of the dressing was primarily an excellent texture of brilliant hues that was interwoven and customized to various structures. The splendid hues and configuration were one of a kind to Aztec individuals and helped them to relate to their way of life. The dressing hues were additionally used to distinguish social class as the quality and the plan were special to social class (Dwyer, Stout, and Stout, 2013). The affluent class were described with the best characteristics and plans as the ordinary citizen material quality was low.  â â â â â â â â â â Dance was acted in accordance with strict and social exercises in the general public. In certain cases, moving was proceeded as a strict custom that was intended to satisfy divine beings with the goal that they could offer favors to the individuals and shield them from abhorrent (Dwyer et al, 2013). In addition, the move was additionally done to shading functions that changed from amusement to ceremonial services. The moves were acted in backup with music. The music was sang and played as a type of customs or players to divine beings. Distinctive music had various subjects. Some music was only for amusement while others were simply committed to divine beings. In addition music was performed dependent on seasons. Different instruments, for example, drums, woodwinds, and clatters were utilized to play music just as reciting as an approach to venerate divine beings. Thusly, moving and music were utilized by the Aztec to safeguard their societies from on e age to the next.  â â â â â â â â â â The way of life has different games and sports that were significant in their way of life. The games gave diversion to pioneers and others recognized in the social class. The diversion was additionally done during functions in the general public. Additionally, the games could likewise be performed to depict strict significance. For strict services, games were performed during human or other penance to mollify the divine beings with the goal that they could acknowledge the forfeit and do as the individuals had played.  â â â â â â â â â â The Aztec realm had various types and one of a kind food that were rich and concentrated with flavors. The dishes that were normal and mainstream among the Aztec were tortillas, tacos, and tamales. There were different nourishments that were assembled by men like seeds of sage plants that were normal as grain, eggs, pooches, turkey, and bunnies (Culture and Arts, 2013). In contrast to different societies, a large portion of Aztec food was made with stew peppers as the fundamental zest. Delights that were normal among the Aztec individuals were green sludge. The food was gotten from Lake Texococo and its taste was contrasted with that of cheddar. More often than not delighted in water as a type of rewards and in extraordinary events or services brew was the principle type of beverages. The Aztecs additionally appreciated beverages, for example, hot improved chocolate and in some cases octilli. The last was basic among the respectable individuals and o thers of a higher social class.  â â â â â â â â â â Aztec individuals everyday life included horticulture as a type of financial practices. Their fundamental sort of harvest that they developed was corn. The individuals were persevering and devoted cultivating to their divine beings and they had the option to have crops in overflow. Scarcely any rehearsed water system on the dry terrains while the lion's share furrowed on shallow lakes. Ranchers moved mud and soil from dry land to the shallow lakes along these lines framing islands, chinampas that they thusly utilized as land for agribusiness (Cohn, 2013). The islands were rich and beneficial, which brought about food overflow. The excess food and different harvests were offered to different networks and neighboring domains through Tlateolco advertise that unified different networks. Despite the fact that Aztecs needed money related framework, they utilized deal exchange of trade of products and ventures.  â â â â â â â â â â The Aztecs were more often than not engaged with wars where they catch detainees for human penance and slaves for their financial purposes. They utilized useless weapons to battle different clans and neighboring networks (Clendinnen, 2010). A portion of the weapons that were regular among them were wooden clubs. The clubs were edged with bits of obsidians that were sharp framing a device that they ordinarily alluded to as macuahuitl. The weapon was utilized to retire the foes without slaughtering them so they could be caught as slaves and detainees for human penance. Different weapons predominant among the Aztecs were lances and bolt that could either cripple or execute the foes. End  â â â â â â â â â â Aztec culture was wealthy in works of art, for example, carvings of various pictures. They accepted family as unit of life and marriage was between a man and ladies. In family, men were trackers and finders while ladies prepared food and weaved garments. The individuals had various kinds of nourishments, for example, eggs, grains, meat, and fish. Zesty pepper was regular among the network. The individuals had strict convictions and loved numerous divine beings and goddess that were classified dependent on occasions or season. They relinquished people for the divine beings so as to be ensured and their property to be honored. What's more, they had various games that could be played in the midst of services or strict customs. Move was basic among the individuals in mix with music. So also, move and music was done as a method of love or diversion in services. The individuals had a one of a kind dress that recognized them with their way of life. References Clendinnen, I. (2010). The expense of fortitude in Aztec society: papers on Mesoamerican culture and culture. Cambridge University Press. Cohn, J. (2013). The Aztecs. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub. Culture and Arts. (2013). Mexico Country Review, 178-184. Dwyer, H., Stout, M., and Stout, M. (2013). Aztec history and culture. New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Hassig, R. (2013). Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. College of Texas Press.

A Stranger Watching essays

A Stranger Watching papers A Stranger is Watching is a breathtaking book. I delighted in perusing this book without question. The constant activity kept me perusing for quite a long time. Perhaps the best component of the book is the means by which it was written.The perspective changes each chapter.For model Chapter 1 is written in the perspective of the scandalous Foxy character.Chapter 2 is written in the point if perspective on our hero, Steve; thus on.I likewise loved the delightful way the writer fabricated the relationship of the characters up,so you care about what befalls them and feel like you're experiencing what they are going through.For instance,the creator lets us know of Steve's better half's death.We discover that Steve's child, Neil was never the equivalent after this tragedy.When another women,Sharon comes into Steve's life,Neil rejects her.Neil imagines that if Sharon and his dad get hitched ,his dad will send him away.When Neil and Sharon are held prisoner together, Neil's affections for Sharon change;he starts to consider her to be a pleasant individual and a motherlike figure.I felt the writer developed this relationship well so the story would have a glad ending.ly strife with the antagonist.The protagonist,Steve is an effective man with a family and no problems;at least in the brain of the antagonist.The foe has issues with females,a vocation he feels is going nowhere,and an absence of good friends.throughout the story we discover that the opponent is extremely envious of the hero's life and that is the reason he in a roundabout way targets him.This differentiate was an expansion to the as of now excitng plot of the story.. As I would see it the best piece of A Stranger is Watchingis the end,chapter 52.this part contains one of the best peaks I ever read.The section starts at a frenzied moment.All of the characters lives are in danger on the grounds that Foxy's bomb is going to go off.After a battle with Foxy,Steve figures out how to discharge Sharon what's more, Neil.At a similar time Ronald Thompson(a adolescent sentenced if murder)is going to be executed f... <!

The Many Areas Of Poetry

The Many Areas Of PoetryPoetry is a very interesting form of writing that will entertain and enlighten people for many years to come. One thing about poetry is that you can use different poetic topics to convey a great deal of information about your life, your interests, or your past experiences. You can also explore the many areas of life that are very emotional with poems.The purpose of writing a poem that expresses your feelings is to express your sadness, happiness, or whatever sad feeling you are experiencing. It is possible to write a poem that is very emotional about something that happened in your life. For example, you might be thinking about a job loss or someone you love died. A poem that has these themes can allow you to express your sadness or grief.People who write very sentimental poems have an outlet to express their feelings without having to express them verbally. Sometimes poetry can help people deal with the terrible things that have happened in their lives. It ca n help people deal with the pain and suffering.You can also use poetry to tell personal stories about your life that would otherwise be boring to write. Sometimes you need to let your imagination run wild and let things out of your comfort zone. These are things that poetry can help you do.You can also use poems as a literary device to make your literary essay topic look interesting. Most people love to find creative ways to express themselves through writing and poetry. Using some sort of creative means can enhance the overall appeal of your essay.One thing about writing poetry about a person's life is that it is like reviewing a memory. It is a personal recollection that can help you get back to your childhood. There are many different areas that you can explore with your poems and memories. Using poetry to review your childhood is a way to think about your youth and the things that happened.Of course, one of the biggest concerns when writing a poem is the length of the poem. Too long or too short and the poem will not be readable. Poetry has a fairly short term when it comes to content and so they need to be brief. Writing a poem that is too long will only make it seem that you are trying to ramble on and that the content is hard to understand.If you are going to write a poetic essay topics to entertain yourself, poems are great for that. You can use poems to reflect the things in your life that are meaningful. Even though you may have a very serious topic, you can still use poetry to express your emotions. It can help you get to the point of expressing your feelings in a much more simple way.

Analysis Of The Poem Snake - 944 Words

Upon reading and reflecting on the poem â€Å"Snake† by D.H. Lawrence, I couldn’t help but feel like the poem hearkens back to Emily Dickinson’s poems â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† and even â€Å"A Bird, Came Down the Walk.† Like Dickinson’s poems there is a recognition of not only the beauty and majesty that is in nature but also the danger that lurks in the unknown. Lawrence’s â€Å"Snake†, like Dickinson’s poems, utilizes personification, not only to connect humankind to nature, but also to elevate the serpent to an almost human level. I will focus on the poem â€Å"Snake† by D.H Lawrence and explore the ways the speaker in the poem uses this personification, sound devices, allusion, language and even structure to convey the speakers reverence and fear of nature, more specifically the snake or subject in the natural realm. As â€Å"Snake† begins we are introduced to the speaker encountering this element of the wild, the snake. Early in the poem, the language utilizes the use of sound devices that not only immerse the reader in the scenario, but also the speaker at the level of the snake. Lines 4-13 simulate a snake’s hiss by employing words beginning with â€Å"S,† such as â€Å"strange-scented shade† (4), â€Å"steps† (5), â€Å"slackness soft† (9), â€Å"stone† (8-9), and â€Å"He sipped with his straight mouth/ Softly drank through his straight gums, into his slack long body/ Silently† (11-13). This poetic device is used later in the poem, however it not only simulates the hiss, but also the slither, â€Å"And slowlyShow MoreRelated Poetry Analysis of Emily Dickinson Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Emily Dickinsons The snake, In the Garden, and It bloomed and dropt, a Single Noon—. Emily Dickinson uses nature in almost all of her poetry. She uses many literary techniques in her poems to show her interpretations of nature and the world around her. 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Macroeco Essay - 669 Words

Team Assignment #1 Lessons 1 to 9 Class, you have been assigned into teams of 4 or 5. You need to discuss amongst yourselves how the duties of the assignment will be divided and the manner in which it will be presented to me. Working together will ensure that all parts will be done well and on time. Question 1: Overview of the Macroeconomy: Interpretation (25 marks) Please discuss the current state of the macroeconomy in Canada. In particular please discuss the growth rates and gross domestic product, the unemployment rate and lastly inflation. Please discuss how these variables compare to both the short and long run averages. In providing answers, please provide where data was obtained. You can use the internet or more†¦show more content†¦Please use diagrams to illustrate your answer. What are the pros and cons of fiscal and monetary policy? Based on your analysis, does conducting fiscal and monetary policy result in the same impacts on inflation or output levels? Be sure to talk about the tradeoffs (or lack thereof) that exists between inflation and output in the short and long run. Question 4: Policy (45 marks) In many instances, government spending results in the economy moving to the long run steady state at the expense of higher inflation levels. All too often, the best policy is simply to do nothing, leaving the market to adjust in order get the economy back to the long run steady state level (full employment) at the lowest price level. The problem with government doing nothing is two fold. First they do not want to be seen as not acting, especially during a recession. Secondly, the economic benefits of the government doing nothing (such as during a recessionary period) takes a long time to materialize (given prices in the economy take time to adjust), which is not popular with governments especially if there is an election. There seems to therefore be a tension between the Bank of Canada who wants to achieve price stability first and output stability second, versus the Department of Finance who is more concerned with output stability and employment creation. Class, please outline the costs and

Inevitably, Death is Only the Beginning in Egyptian and...

Death is inevitable. A fate of every living creature. Death has taken entire civilizations and creatures. It is the final destination every living thing will one day reach. The finish line of rot, ruin and decay. There are many dark deities in mythology. Male and Female deities in every different culture in the world. Two of the most interesting deities of death and darkness are Micteacaihatl the lady of death in Aztec culture, and the famous Anubis, guardian of the dead, and afterlife in Egyptian mythology. In Egyptian culture they believe that death is only the beginning, much like Christian cultures today. If you were a pharaoh or of some importance, or rich in the world you were mummified, and in your tomb would have the markings of†¦show more content†¦After weighing the heart, if the dead is found to be true of heart, Anubis brings them before Osiris to join him in immortality. If the heart outweighs the feather then Anubis would push the heart to the floor and let Am mut devour the heart destroying the soul of the dead. The god of Anubis is still worshipped today in Egyptian culture, there are statutes of him and hieroglyphics of his name in many temples. A few cultures still warship their death deities including the warship of the goddess Micteacaihatl in Mexico. In the ancient Aztec culture there was a goddess named Micteacaihatl. Micteacaihatl is known as the goddess of death. Micteacaihatl is also known as the lady of the land of the dead. Micteacaihatl is depicted as a woman with a skull face, with a beak and a skirt of serpents. Micteacaihatl was believed to be a protector of the souls residing in the underworld. The basic job Micteacaihatl has is to watch over the bones of the dead. The Aztecs believed the bones of the dead from past worlds were used to create the first humans of this world. â€Å"The Aztecs believed that the bones of every person were used to make future people. This is why they would have to be carefully guarded but, l ike the bones from past worlds, they will probably have to be stolen in order to be used.† (Austin Cline) Micteacaihatl is often compared to Santa Muerete. Once a year the Aztecs held a festival celebrating the death of their ancestors,

Background of the Enterprise

Question: Analyze the company's decisions and strategy regarding site selection, outsourcing, and offshoring operations. Examine the impacts of offshoring or outsourcing on quality and the supply chain. Answer: Introduction The objective of the assignment is to focus on the application of the supply chain management in the overall business operations of a selected company. The selected organization in the study is Target, which is a mid price departmental store, and Wesfarmers own it (Target Australia, 2016). The idea of supply chain management is one of the most crucial parts of the overall business operations, which mainly develops its commerce in retail sector management (Bowersox, 2013). There are different kinds of significant point, which needs to be analyzed towards the process of development of a proper supply chain management in the organization. The assignment will focus on the following factors which include companys decision making and strategies which include different process of outsourcing and off shoring operations and about its various kinds of impacts (Chopra Meindl, 2013). The following part of the study will analyze all the crucial factors, which are required to provide a strong sup ply management in the organization. Background of the enterprise Wesfarmers is one of the most popular as well as one of the most influential organizations, which is situated in the Western Australia. It is one of the most familiar modern groups, which operates its business across different major cities of the globe (Target Australia, 2016). The corporation develops its business in various segments, which includes Target as one of the most important divisions, which are based in the process of organizing proper retail sector operations (Target Australia, 2016). The notion of the supply chain management is one of the most important concepts in different kinds of retail sector management, which will analyze the companys decisions as well as the strategies in order evaluate a proper supply chain management (Bowersox, 2013). Decision making process and Strategies Procedures and decision-making processes are the two vital components, which will assess all the operations of business in the required form and the required manner. There are certain organizational goals and objectives which majority of the organizations depending upon the nature and objectives of the business develops in the overall operations of the firm (Chopra Meindl, 2013). Increases in sales, as well as growth in profit, are the two important factors, which a different organization irrespective of nature and the objectives of the business tries to achieve in the overall business operations (Cordon, Hald Seifert, 2012). The purpose of the assignment is to analyze all the crucial factors, which will conclude about the importance of the supply chain management, which includes SWOT Analysis and individual elements, which focus on locations, off shoring, and outsourcing (Drake, 2012). To develop a decision-making process, the organization needs to focus towards the development process of a proper situation analysis procedure. The application of the SWOT Analysis is one of the most important as well as fundamental tools, which are used to address a good case analysis process (Lysons Farrington, 2012). With the application of the SWOT Analysis tool, the organization in the study will be able to scan both the internal environment as well as the external environment. The first two factors will allow the group to examine the internal environment, and the reaming two factors will allow the organization to scan the external environment (Sodhi Tang, 2012). With a proper application of a situation, analysis procedure the team in the study will be able to develop a robust decision making procedures. Outsourcing, is one of the most important parts of organizational operations? There are several divisions of the business and on the other hand, it is not possible for the org anization to fulfill all the objectives (Viswanadham Kameshwaran, 2013). The application of a proper outsourcing will allow the group to share some of the operational activities by outsourcing it. It will balance the overall some of the important events and enable the team to work efficiently as well as freely (Bowersox, 2013). Impacts of the supply chain management There are certain consequences in the process of developing a proper supply chain management in the organization. There are different kinds of parameters that need to be analyzed towards the development process of a good supply chain management (Chopra Meindl, 2013). One of the most significant impacts towards the development process of a good supply chain management is towards the maintaining an appropriate inventory system for the overall operational management of the organization (Viswanadham Kameshwaran, 2013). The market structure of Australia is one is one of the stable market structure and demand for the retail sector management contributes as one of the most significant aspects of the overall market structure (Cordon, Hald Seifert, 2012). With the application of a proper supply, chain management the organization will be able to develop and balance between the inbound logistic as well as the outbound logistic of the organization (Drake, 2012). Both the notion of the inbound logistic as well as the outbound logistic are the two crucial parts of the supply chain management. If target maintains a healthy as well as a proper supply chain, management, it will allow the organization to be benefited in particular ways (Lysons Farrington, 2012). The notion of the supply chain management will ensure the team to maintain a proper inventory level in the agency, which will allow the team to meet the required demand (Sodhi Tang, 2012). The notion of off shoring can be explained as the relocation of the business process from country to another which is one of the operational processes of the business. Target do not develop a proper off shoring as all the major business operations are done in Australia and some of the operations are done outside Australia. The notion of outsourcing is another crucial point which is highlighted in the overall business process of the company. There are different kinds of business process which different kinds of business organization develop in the overall operations. Sometimes it is not possible by all the business to perform all the activities in a desired manner. In order to manage all the desired activities in a proper manner it is the different organization irrespective of the nature of the nature of the business outsource some activities in order balance the proceedings of the business. Some of the key activities which target develops for outsourcing are customer feedback system, E commerce system, maintaining a proper database and logistic departments. The notion of location is selected by the organization keeping in mind the geographical aspect of the company. In order to maintain a proper and a smooth business operation the organization needs to develop all the business activity in a proper place which will be convenient for in order to develop a proper business process. Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the relevant factors, which are required by Target to develop a high as well as a proper supply chain management in the overall proceedings of the organization. There are certain positive impacts towards the process of development of a supply chain management in the organization. The company, which is highlighted in the structure, is Target, which is one of the major divisions of Wesfarmers, operates its business proceedings in the retail sector. Some of the key factors, which are analyzed in the overall decision-making process, are the development of a proper situation analysis procedure, which will be investigated with the application of a good SWOT Analysis tool and the impact of supply chain management in the overall procedures. Reference List Bowersox, D. (2013).Supply chain logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Chopra, S. Meindl, P. (2013).Supply chain management. Boston: Pearson. Cordon, C., Hald, K. Seifert, R. (2012).Strategic supply chain management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Drake, M. (2012).Global supply chain management. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Lysons, K. Farrington, B. (2012).Purchasing and supply chain management. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Financial Times. Sodhi, M. Tang, C. (2012).Managing supply chain risk. New York: Springer. Target Australia. (2016).Target Online Shopping | Target Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.target.com.au/ [Accessed 4 Jun. 2016]. Viswanadham, N. Kameshwaran, S. (2013).Ecosystem-Aware global supply chain management. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company.

Resurrection And Christ Essays - Iconography Of Jesus,

Resurrection And Christ Resurrection & Christ. Extended Written Response. For many centuries, artists throughout the world have aimed to capture and portray a particular theme or subject in accordance to their religious beliefs, personal influences, and mood, or based entirely upon societal influences. The figure of Christ and the manner in which he has been depicted has varied immensely over the years, which is highly indicative of changing social attitudes. Piero della Francesca's Resurrection of 1463, and Julie Rrap's Christ of 1984, have each depicted a Christ like figure in a way that illustrates their personal beliefs and also reflects the public's stance regarding the depiction of Christ at the time each artwork was completed. The two artworks are significantly different in style and representation, as each artist has selected different media and entirely different approaches and interpretations. These significant differences are mainly due to the eras in which each artwork was produced. Francesca's fresco is a classic product of the Italian Renaiss ance period, whereas Rrap's piece is indicative of ?our changing society and its religious values.? (Israel, 1997, p.160). Francesca composed his piece during the Early Renaissance period at the beginning of the 15th century, where faith in the theoretical foundations of art was highly placed. During this time, many examples of Ancient art were revered as both a source of inspiration and also as a record of trial and error that had the ability to reveal the success of the former great artists. (Pioch, 1996, p.1). About this time, there was still a set format of how particular Christian figures were perceived to have appeared; hence Francesca has depicted the figure of Christ in the stereo typed perception. Yet he has done so in a manner that fully exemplifies the era he was in, and also indicates his personal interest and success with the use of perspective. Alternatively, Rrap's photomontage Christ has been compiled at a time when female stereo types are being challenged. The artwork challenges ?the male dominance of past art.? Typical of postmodern art, this piece is quite the feminist statement, and i s in keeping with many of her previous artworks. (Israel, 1997, p.160). The two artworks are noticeably different immediately upon viewing, as Resurrection is a fresco and Christ is a photomontage. The fresco was compiled with the use of pigment being applied to wet plaster, whereas the photomontage is in essence an installation arrangement that has used a collage technique with the use of photographs. Rrap has used a piece of art by Munch and outlined the figure it depicted, and then positioned herself whilst semi-naked within the outline. It is this placement of herself within the outline that has enabled her to ?slip out of the stereotype of the female? (Israel, 1997, p.160). The image was then divided and abstracted, with the use of thick brush strokes in the background, creating a sense of movement. Resurrection however has been produced in a far more simple manner, with the composition comprising of Jesus standing with one leg raised onto a tomb, whilst four Roman guards are sleeping by the tomb at his feet. Jesus, swathed in red cloth, is holding a flag in an almost triumphant and defiant gesture. The foreground figures have all been placed in perspective, yet the background appears quite out of place in conjunction. Few colours have been used in Christ, yet the chosen colours of yellow and black inter mixed in the background, red on blue for the crucifix, and the exaggerated yellow flesh tone in the photo on the blue have all been used successfully. They each contribute to the overall effect of the image in a positive mode. Conversely, Francesca's fresco has encompassed the use of realistic colour throughout the entire image. The colours have been used skillfully and created tone and depth in all aspects of the fresco, contributing to the desired ?realistic representation? of figures. (Hopwood, 1996, p.80B). Each artist has chosen and used their colour in an approach that is indicative and typical of their era, Francesca in particular. Despite the imposing position that Jesus has been placed in within Resurrection, his facial expression along with the overall composition of figures and the landscape creates an almost peaceful and

Dwight Waldo Essays

Dwight Waldo Essays Dwight Waldo Essay Dwight Waldo Essay The reasons for including the works of Dwight Waldo in this collection differ from those for the other authors chosen. Waldo is included as much for his observations on the contributions of others as for his own contributions to the field. Waldo is recognized as an astute critic and a knowledgeable chronicler of the history of the study of public adminis- tration. He is also representative of an approach to public administra- tionthe Administration-as-Politics approachthat, combined with the Behavioral approach, constituted a devastating critique of the Clas- sical paradigm of public administration. Waldo is thus included both because of his views on the development and current state of the field of public administration and as a representative of a particular perspec- tive on the field. As a commentator on, and critic of, public administration, Waldo came to his task with reservations, and he has approached his subject with a certain wariness ever since. Waldos intellectual interests while a student centered on political philosophy, not public administration. His dissertation dealt with public administration, but was intended as an expose. His intent was to expose the political theory he believed to be implicit in the Classical approach to public administration. Waldo argued that by concentrating on the technical aspects of public admin- istration, the Classical approach embodied a philosophy and consti- tuted an ideology that effectively supported the existing political order. The publication of The Administrative State, a book based on his dissertation, earned for Waldo, by his own estimation, the status of a pariah in the field. Waldos views have softened over time, but there is still an element of the skeptic in him. He denies the possibility of con- structing a science of public administration. He doubts the existence of principles of administration. He questions the plausibility of a uni- fied theory of organizations. He is skeptical of those who would indis- criminately intermingle politics and administration. He even despairs of reaching common agreement on a definition of the field of public ad- ministration. Nonetheless, he believes that the fate of civilization may well rest on our ability to master the functions of administration.

Contemporary Issues in International Business Essay

Contemporary Issues in International Business - Essay Example Thus, globalisation has very strong economic, governmental, educational and social dimensions. Globalisation is the way by which people, companies and government of different nations integrate and interact with each other. The process of globalisation has effects on the cultures, atmosphere, governmental systems, economic developments, wealth and on individual’s physical comfort in nations all around the globe (Hill, 2009). Globalisation is the process by which normal life around the globe is noticeable by calibration of communication, transportation, financial activity, Ecological and social interdependence. As a term, globalization is very often used to refer to economic globalization that is integration of national economies into the international economy through foreign direct investment, trade, capital, migration, spread of technology and flows. Globalization has melted national borders, international business has improved economic incorporation and the communication and information revolution has made time and geography irrelevant. Globalisation has a comparatively new thought and idea that the world has been implementing. OPPORTUNITIES: There are thousands of opportunities for career advancement, profit and valuable experience in international business. As Entrepreneurs come to grips with contemporary challenges and new opportunities, they define the new rules of engagement on the economic landscape. Globalisation has been the most successful affluence and anti-poverty movement in modern history. Following mentioned are some of the opportunities posed by globalization to international business. International Trade: Countries exchange a lot of money in goods and services every year. This fact demonstrates that international business makes good economic sense. Importing and exporting are the oldest and most common form of international trade. Globalisation greatly affects the global economy and the impact of foreign trade on economy is very immense. Comparative benefit has always been a factor even in the history. Trade has been institutionalized due to globalisation. Globalisation has improved free trade among nations and has improved liquidity of capital permitting investors in established countries to invest in undeveloped countries. It benefits businesses as it brings foreign exchange to the countries due to the increase in foreign trade. It also improves the global economy by increasing GDP. Trade between nation’s increases as it provides freedom to the global marketing exchange of goods and capitals. Established companies can invest in developing countries. This augments positive competition that helps in improving businesses. Licensing and Franchising: Another opportunity for to international business is franchising and licensing. A company that wants to go global rapidly while taking limited legal and financial risks might consider licensing agreements with foreign corporations. This agreement permits a foreign company to sell the products and to utilize its intellectual property in exchange for royalty fees (Hill, 2009). Franchising is the other opportunity to expand overseas. International franchise agreement is the agreement in which a company grants the right to a foreign company to use its brand name and to sell its services and products. The foreign company agrees to operate

Garbology in Marketing Strategies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Garbology in Marketing Strategies - Term Paper Example Neuromarketing refers to the application of technology to determine the consumer’s brain activity so as to assist in developing products and communications (Zurawicki 211). The technique is founded on the idea that consumer purchasing behavior is formed in split seconds. The technique also holds that buying decisions are made within the brain’s subconscious and emotional part. The technique is also based on the premise that that by being able to clearly understand what consumers like, do not like, or fear as shown by the reactions of the brain to brand stimuli, marketers can be able to brand their products and communicate with them in a manner that best meets the market needs, by influencing consumers to buy the products. All these fundamentals are based on neuromarketing is based on neuroscience, which involves the study of how the brain enables human to think, perceive, and feel emotions, make decisions and communicate (Guardian News and Media Limited Par. 3). The tec hniques applied are based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), psychophysics, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) as noted by Moore and Pareek (195). Neuromarketing research is said to have triggered significant amount of interest among many marketers and companies. Proponents of the technology argue that it could be the next big thing in the marketplace (Guardian News and Media Limited par 6). In this regard, they argue that by using science to locate the ‘buy buttons’ of consumers, it would be easy for marketers to open the black box of the consumer’s mind. Research reveals that neuromarketing is good for application in different areas especially in predicting behaviors, understanding the ads that the majority of consumers can easily remember. It can also be applied in choosing the media formats that can easily be understood by consumers. Other areas of application according to Moore and Pareek are in understanding why most consumers differ from what they inform the focus group (196).

Harley Davidson Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Essay Mission Statement Our diversity mission is to foster a culture that integrates diversity and inclusion into all aspects of the business in order to further fulfill dreams through the experiences of motorcycling.   Vision Statement Harley-Davidson values, embraces and celebrates diversity in order to develop and continuously improve mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders to fulfill dreams and provide extraordinary customer experiences in an increasingly dynamic, diverse and global market. Objectives   Create a viable brand that would effectively compete within the Non-Menthol, Lo-Fi category. Attract more young adult (25-49) male smokers into the Lorillard family.   Develop a highly targeted â€Å"Niche Brand’ that would generate modest share goals.   Build strong brand awareness and imaginary.   Gain trial and repeat purchase.   Create consumer confidence. Strategies   MARKET PENETRATION Get some more market share from the existing market, like U. S, U. K, and Japan etc through more marketing techniques like advertising. Harley-Davidson has a good brand name so it’s easy for them to eat up the competitor market share if they can provide some more customer benefit. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Younger generation and female are now coming to this segment so expand the motor cycle segments to younger generation and females.   MARKET DEVELOPMENT Harley-Davidson can bring in their vehicle to Asian countries like India and China, because these countries have a high population and the market potential is also high.   DIVERSIFICATION Bring new bikes to attract customer and market. INVESTING IN THE BRAND The Company is reinforcing its support of the Harley-Davidson brand, accelerating its ongoing marketing efforts to reach out to emerging rider groups, including younger and diverse riders. In addition, the Company will continue to focus on product innovations targeted at specific growth opportunities with its strong core customer base and new riders.   ADJUSTING THE COST STRUCTURE Consolidate its two engine and transmission plants in the Milwaukee area into its facility in Menomonee Falls, Wis. OBTAINING ADDITIONAL FUNDING FOR HDFS The Company said it is evaluating a range of options to provide the necessary liquidity for the wholesale and retail lending activities of Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS)   Recommended Mission To be branded as the best motorcycle available in the world. Recommended Vision The best quality motorcycle, motorcycle products and financial services will be provided worldwide is the commitment of Harley-Davidson. Customer satisfaction is our motto and the Harley-Davidson customers can experience the taste of reality of motorcycle dreams by relaying their satisfaction on us. Harley- Davidson is dedicated to use the advanced technology to produce the most superior motorcycle in domestic and international markets. Stay competitive and continue growth worldwide remain profitable and survive is our philosophy. Employees of Harley-Davidson are the foundation of the company and they are the driving force behind the Harley-Davidson name. The total team effort of Harley-Davidson employees is devoted to fulfilling dreams of customers and we believe that there is not a motorcycle riding experience like a Harley-Davidson’s. Excellence is our push though our Harley-Davidson bar and shield logo that says superior quality. Honesty and customer loyalty and these morals are the heartbeat of Harley-Davidson organization. Harley-Davidson do our part in supporting all environmental laws in every country we do business. Determination and commitment is the place where Harley-Davidson intends to stay.   External Opportunities The European demand for Harley Davidson is the highest in the international market and represents the single largest motorcycle market in the world Women and younger riders are increasing becoming interested in bikes The international heavy weight market is growing and is now larger than the U. S. heavyweight market Market share increasing in Europe and Asia for the last two years   Increasing demand in US markets for bike. Customers value quality parts   External Threats   Harley’s ongoing capacity restraints caused a shortage supply and a loss in domestic market share in recent years.   Harley’s average buying age is 42 years old and increasing.   The European Union’s motorcycles noise standards are more stringent than those of Environmental Protection Agencies in the U. S and increased environmental stand. Some competitors of Harley Davidson have larger financial and marketing resources and they are more diversified.   Environmental protection laws. S customers to the Asian customers they can increase the sales.   PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Younger generation and female are now coming to this segment so expand the motor cycle segments to younger generation and females.   In Europe they can increase or expand the Buell’s market share by introducing new motorcycles.   MARKET DEVELOPMENT   Harley-Davidson can bring in their vehicle to Asian countries like India and China, because these countries have a high population and the market potential is also high. The cost to bring in the old vehicles (old product) to India is so much difficult because there are so much environmental laws are there which won’t allow that type of vehicles to come to India, and its difficult that taxes and levis are high in India so starting new plant in India can solve this problem. Negotiations with the Government can solve these problems. DIVERSIFICATION Bring in new vehicles to new markets like India and china is a good choice, but it’s too costly.   Bringing new types of recreational vehicles is a best choice.   Recommended Long-Term Objectives. Establish Harley-Davidson as a recognized leader in the development and participation of its people, to maximize each employees potential. Grow and maintain demand by providing exceptional product styling, performance, quality, reliability and customer service at prices our customers can afford.   Meet the demand by expanding our existing distribution and manufacturing capacity, and, where necessary, adding new production and retail distribution points.   Improve information services capabilities to enable all stakeholders to easily do business with Harley-Davidson, through the creative integration of information technologies. Drive financial results to the levels achieved by acknowledged high-performing companies.   Recommended Procedure for Strategy Review and Evaluation   Review underlying bases of strategy   Once again prepare all the internal and external analysis.   Compare the already prepared analysis with the one which will be prepared after the new strategy implementation. Measuring organization preferences Analyze all financial ratios current and the future.   If any advantage, then implement the new strategy, otherwise continue with the present one.

The Allocating of a ‘Named Person for Every Child in Scotland Essay

Introduction Throughout my seminar paper I will focus on the issues surrounding the governments plan to assign every child in Scotland a ‘named person'. This is one point in the Children and Young Peoples (Scotland) Bill, that parliament recently debated and passed on the 19th of February this year. The government believes the bill will promote their "ambition for Scotland to be the best place to grow up in by putting children and young people at the heart of planning and services and ensuring their rights are respected across the public sector" (Scottish Executive, 2013). To gain insight into the approach in which the ‘named person' has stemmed from I will look at the ‘Getting it right for every child' (GIRFEC) approach. I also intend to look at the purpose and role of the ‘named person' in depth as some organisations lack of clarity of the role is leading to concerns. I intend to discuss the arguments for and against the ‘named person' and the challenges this may put on integration. Throughout the paper I will discuss the government's need for every child and young person under the age of 18 to have a ‘named person' and relate it to a European policy known as ‘social pedagogy', which outlines a unique way of working with children and the foundation for policy development. GIRFEC approach The Scottish government wants all children and young people to be completely supported as they mature and develop, they believe children should be kept safe, be healthy, be given the support to achieve, be nurtured, have the opportunity to be active, be respected, be responsible, and be included. In order for practitioners to support them with these the Scottish government applied the ‘GIRFEC' national practice model in 2008, as a method... ...s state guardian trial singled out thousands of kids. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.christian.org.uk/news/scots-state-guardian-trial-singled-out-thousands-of-kids/ The Scotsman. (2013). Children’s Future. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/letters/children-s-future-1-2924308 The Telegraph. (2013). Lawyers warn against 'Big Brother' plans to give every Scottish child a state guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/10214975/Lawyers-warn-against-Big-Brother-plans-to-give-every-Scottish-child-a-state-guardian.html The Telegraph. (2014). Scottish ministers threatened with legal action over 'state guardian' plans. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10650090/Scottish-ministers-threatened-with-legal-action-over-state-guardian-plans.html

Ratio Analysis †Yum! Brands Essay

Yum! Brands’ consolidated net profit margin lies within the industry average and for 2 years have shown slow yet steady growth. While sales from US operations declined by 5%, the company continued to gain momentum in China, where operating profit increased at an average of 26% year-on-year. Meanwhile, their Return on Assets fairs better than competitors such as McDonald’s and Domino’s Pizza, showing that management efficiently manages its asset base. The company’s efficiency can be seen in its Cash Conversion Cycle, with -49. 2 in 2009. This number is much lower from its competitors, which suggests a liquid working capital position. Yum generates sales from its inventory and cash from its sales at a faster rate than the time its pays its suppliers. This means that it utilizes the average 60-day period before it has to fully purchases with suppliers, giving them â€Å"free cash† in principle. However, while this suggests less need to borrow, the comp any still received cash by issuing long-term debt in 2008 and 2009. Due to the nature of the business, on average, 56% of its total assets are fixed. And as Yum ventures into Asian countries, especially China and India, it allocates part of its cash to capital spending. However, in utilizing its fixed assets to generate sales, Yum scores lower compared to Wendy’s and McDonald’s. This may be due to its focus on aggressively adding new stores, with 2008 and 2009 serving as introduction years, before sales can fully pick up. One could also note, however, that sales in the US and International Divisions (ex-China) have decreased from 2007 to 2009. The company’s solvency, however, provides another story. As mentioned, Yum reported negative equity in 2008 mainly due to repurchase of sales. The company used its cash surplus to repurchase sales at a time when its stock price decreased, making it gain economic profits. This may also show the company’s belief and commitment that the stock price will increase again, especially because of the surge in opportunities in China. In addition, it reported accumulated other comprehensive loss in 2008 and 2009. As stated in its 2008 annual report, this loss was attributable to a decline in the â€Å"unrecognized funded status† of U. S. pension plans and foreign currency translation adjustments brought by the strengthened position of the U. S. Dollar. What is alarming in this situation is that the company is riding on a debt level that is 30% higher than its competitors. Majority of its liabilities are long-term debt, with some maturing in 30 years. Moreover, its current ratio appears to be very much lower than its peers, due to its massive use of cash for buybacks, and which suggests increasing risks to the company. It is hence surprising to note that despite this, the company still continues to distribute dividends with an average payout ratio of 36% year-on-year. This then hints at a possibility that Yum is inflating its dividends to continue attracting investors, at the expense of paying their debt position. Source: YUM! Brands Annual Report 2008 & 2009

Sources Of Renewable Energy Sources - 3327 Words

The continued reliance on fossil fuels over the centuries has led to these resources being almost completely exhausted. Furthermore, their use has had extremely negative effects on the environment, namely pollution and global warming as a result of the build-up of greenhouse gases. It is therefore essential to consider alternative, cleaner energy sources. It was decided that six renewable energy sources should be researched in order to determine which are most suitable for use in the West of Scotland. Biomass Energy Biomass is biological matter originating from living or recently living organisms, and it is the oldest source of renewable energy. The biomass used for energy normally comes from plant-based material.1 During photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in plants captures the sun’s energy, in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. Subsequently, combusting these carbohydrates produces water and carbon dioxide, hence releasing the energy initially captured from the sun.2 The most widely used method of converting biomass to electricity involves burning it to produce steam, this then causes rotation in a turbine, and this kinetic energy produces electicity.2 This process is shown below: Biomass is a completely renewable source of energy: in addition to the energy it stores being from the sun, biomass can re-grow over a reasonably short time period.2 It is widely available and can be sourced from within the UK, and in fact everyShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. 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Nevertheless,Read MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are still cheap and high in supply, but the rate at which we are consuming them, which is only expected to increase, vastly exceeds the rate at which they regenerate. This creates the aforementioned problem of mankind running out of the required natural resources to fuel its own energy demands. TheRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Energy1540 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern over the growing demand for energy, and the lack of non-renewable energy resources to meet the demand in the future. In addition, the question of â€Å"sustainability†;the ability to balance social, economic, and environmental needs in energy production to meet both current and long-term requirements;has come to the forefront. It is clear that America must expand energy production quickly, and that we must develop renewable, sustainable energy sources to meet long-term demand and protectRead MoreThe Energy Source Of Renewable Energy3041 Words   |  13 Pagesis using fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable sources. Fossil fuels are cheap and limited. They will soon be depleted. The world needs to find a source of energy that is not only renewable but sustainable. Sustainable Energy is usually associated with renewable energy. This is because renewable energy is a continuous source. However, the sustainability of each of different types of renewable energy vary. Sustainable energy means that amount of energy that is used, is also generated. The idea of sustainability

Students With Disabilities Act Of The United States

As of late Syracuse University has been home to a large protest group known as THE General Body. This group’s aim is to bring about change in multiple areas on campus, one of which is disability services. THE General Body has pointed out that this university does not fully meet the requirements stated by the Americans with Disabilities act of 1990. Throughout their list of grievances THE General Body goes through very specific examples of what needs to be changed. It is their hope that Syracuse University will recognize these issues and work toward an acceptable solution. If the University can achieve this, any changes made will greatly improve the school as a whole. In 1990 a bill was passed called the Americans with Disabilities†¦show more content†¦The first area of accommodations needed to be altered is physical. As THE General Body points out there are many areas on campus that are not completely accessible to those with disabilities. The groups main concerns are with Falk college, bathroom accessibility, and in some cases a complete lack of access into a building. In the full list of grievances THE General Body shares that while under construction, an auditorium was purposefully not made to meet ADA code. When asked, a contractor involved in the renovation admitted that creating the necessary changes would be too expensive. Although this is the only example of a lack of a physical accommodation due to finances mentioned in the list of grievances, it can almost be assured that there are numerous instances mirroring this one. The next architectural issue discussed is the lack of handicap bathrooms in dorms higher than the first flo or. This prevents students with disabilities to be mixed throughout floors while living on campus, and having the same social opportunities as anyone else. Lastly it is mentioned that some areas on campus are completely or partially inaccessible to those with disabilities. Some examples given are The financial aid office and the bursar’s office. Each one of these can be vital to a students time at Syracuse and need to available to all students. The next set of accommodations needed to be provided are

Pope Leo The Third, 66, Died On 12 June, 816 After 20 Years

Pope Leo the Third, 66, died on 12 June, 816 after 20 years of being the Vicar of Peter. In his years of service, he was a marvelous Pope. He fought for the teachings of Jesus Christ, and effortlessly tried to enrich Christianity as far as God allowed it. It is unclear how he died now, but one thing is for sure is that he will be greatly missed. Pope Leo the Third was born to Atyuppius and Elizabeth in Southern Italy. He was a very God fearing and trusting child. His mother always said he was meant to be something great. In his early years, Pope Leo the Third served in his church’s administration. Later in life, Pope Leo the Third became cardinal priest of Santa Susanna, while chief of his church’s political treasury, because of his†¦show more content†¦So, on April 25, 799, Pope Leo the Third processed into the masses through the Flaminian Gate to receive the citizen’s oath of loyalty. As he was riding on horseback down to the Church of the Blessed Law rence, Pope Leo the Third was viciously attacked by armed Roman men. The attackers attempted to cut out his eyes and tongue. Pope Leo the Third was rendered injured and unconscious. He was then whisked into to the Monastery of the holy martyr Erasmus to be kept safe. After that horrid event, Pope Leo the Third escaped to the Duke of Spoleto, then to King Charlemagne, then back home to Rome to finally rest. The rebels that concocted that uncalled-for attack, then came forward to King Charlemagne to lay formal charges of adultery and perjury on Pope Leo the Third. The physical attack and accusation were of very high treason. No person on earth can charge the Vicar of Christ. King Charlemagne’s Advisor Alcuin agreed with that fact and reminded King Charlemagne of the Pope’s position in power and reputation. In the following December, the investigation of the accusation against the Pope were halted and never continued fully. King Charlemagne ordered those who conspired and attacked the Pope to be put to death under the Roman law of lese majeste. However, Pope Leo the Third begged King Charlemagne to spare their lives in the name of Christian charity. Then, on December 23, Pope Leo the third decided to take the oath of purgation and fully cooperate. Pope Leo the

Competitive Strategy The Pharmaceutical Industry

Question: Describe about the Competitive Strategy for The Pharmaceutical Industry. Answer: Introduction The project focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the food and beverage industry of Australia. In order to understand the competitive strategy of the company two companies from each of the industries has been chosen. The chosen companies for analysing the pharmaceutical industry are Alphapharm and AstraZeneca, while the companies for the food and beverage industry are Fonterra Co-op Group and Lion Nathan National Food in Australia. Alphapharm is one of the largest generics and specialty pharmaceutical companies over the globe. The company manufactures more than 1,400 different products to wholesale, retail, government and institutional customers (Mylan.com.au. 2016). AstraZeneca is a global pharmaceutical company that deals with research, development, manufacturing and supplying of medicines (Astrazeneca.com. 2016). One the other hand, Fonterra Co-op Group is a global cooperatively owned company in New Zealand. The company aims to source secure, high quality milk to add real value to the customers all over the world (Fonterra.com. 2016). The Lion Nathan National Foods is a beverage and food industry operating in Australia and New Zealand and produces beer, wine, dairy, juices, RTDs and spirit (Lionco.com, 2016). The study therefore discusses the elements of the AAA framework to evaluate the adaptability, aggregation and arbitrage strategy of all the chosen four countries of the pharmaceutical industry and the f ood and beverage industry of Australia. The ways of using the elements of the AAA framework are also discussed to obtain detailed knowledge about the industry analysis of the company. Industry level analysis of the chosen industries Industry level analysis is one of the tools that support a company to understand the position of the company in the market with respect to its competitors. The AAA framework is an effective framework that helps to analyse the market of the industries. In the opinion of (Cusumano, Kahl and Suarez 2015), the three As of the framework represents the adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage of the organisation. The industry analysis of the chosen 4 companies is performed using the AAA framework. Industry level analysis of AstraZeneca: Adaptation: AstraZeneca implements various strategies that help the organisation to increase the market share and the revenue of the company. In order to enter into the new customer base, the company adapts practices and measures that help to attract the customers towards the brand. AstraZeneca has globally introduced the Young Health Programme that supports the vulnerable young individuals to understand and have a positive impact to handle the issues regarding health faced by them. Furthermore, in 2012, the company launched three-partnership with the George Institute for Global Health to improve the health conditions of the people over the world through research and development. Aggregation: The Company adopts strategies that help to achieve economies of scale by creating global efficiencies. The products offered by AstraZeneca are set at reasonable price that helps to attract more customers. Cost effective approaches and pricing strategies are used to achieve centralize purchasing of the raw materials, producing final products etcetera. AstraZeneca believes that the business will grow if the public are kept updated about the information regarding the medicines sold by the company (Teeratansirikool et al. 2013). Arbitrage: AstraZeneca implements strategies in the workplace that helps to create global value by profiting through margin of difference in different supply chain. The partnering process of AstraZeneca aims to be flexible, responsive and honest with the partners to provide equal value to both the parties. Hollensen (2015) mentioned that the company tries to establish long-term partnership to allow full participation in the development decision about the products. Industry level analysis of Alphapharm: Adaptation: Alphapharm applies global quality standards across the product line and the facilities despite the market. During the process of manufacturing and packaging, the company implies advanced and innovative technology and system that supports the company to meet the products with the specification. According to Bayraktaret al. (2016) the methods help the company to influence a wide network of both local and international channel of access that includes the institutions, physicians, government, retailer and wholesalers of the company. Aggregation: Alphapharm offers generic products to the customers as the generic medicines are more affordable and preferred by the patients. The sustainability of the government subsidised Pharmaceutical Benefit Schemes (PBS) is ensured with the help of the savings made due to the generic medicines. Arbitrage: In order to achieve global value the company intends to educate the government all over the world about the effectiveness of the generic medicines (Pulaj, Kume and Cipi 2015). The oral solid dose manufacturing capacity of the company grew about 65 billion and 80% of the products of the company are manufactured internally. Industry level analysis of Fonterra Co-op Group Adaptation: As the demand, for the dairy products have been increasing globally over the days, the company tries to grab more of the available opportunities in order to increase its revenue and profit. The company therefore takes decisive steps that help to meet the nutritional needs of the market. The seven key strategic paths of the company that is adopted by the company are optimising the New Zealand milk, build and grow beyond the current customer position. Deliver on foodservice potential, grow the anlene business, develop leading position in the paediatrics and maternal nutrition, invest selectively in the milk pools and align the business to enable the proper implication of the strategies (Lechner and Gudmundsson 2014). Aggregation: In order to offer high quality products to the customers all over the world,Fonterra Co-op Group collaborates with other companies that help to complement the focus of the company. Recently in 2015 march, Fonterra Co-op Group completed a partial Beingmate tender offer that helped to achieve a global partnership and meet the growing demand for infant formula in China (Devlin 2013). Arbitrage: Fonterra Co-op Group further implies strategies and open innovation policies that help to encourage the external partners to contribute in the development of new products and technologies. The company intends to achieve global value for which it has active research partnership with a number of universities and research facilities all over the world (Barotoet al. 2012). Industry level analysis of Lion Nathan National Food Adaptation: In order to adapt with the changing market of Australia, Lion Nathan National Food implements strategies that helps to understand the needs of the stakeholders in order to operate in partnership with the stakeholders. This helps to increase the productivity of the employees and thereby earn higher profit for the company (Rashidirad, Soltani and Syed 2013). Aggregation: As per the notion of the company, the culture of the market in Australia can be measured and influenced. When the culture is focused with constructive, inclusive and achievement, the employees are offered with great experiences and underpin success of the business in the long-run (Barei, Le Pen and Simoens 2013). Arbitrage: Lion Nathan National Food creates value for the products in the market by supporting better choice for the products. In order to increase the brand name, the company tries to improve the food and beverage choices of the individuals in Australia and New Zealand. Ways by which the company uses the elements of the AAA framework The study focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the food and beverage industry of Australia. The companies of both the industries use the AAA framework that helps them to analyse the industrial level of the companies. The companies are able to evaluate the strategies used to deal with the competitive market with the support of the AAA framework elements. The pharmaceutical industry of Australia uses the elements of the AAA framework to develop competitive advantage for the company that helps to achieve a high position in the market. In order to incorporate the AAA framework in the business, the use of the authentication is the first process that provides the users a way to identify the systems used in the workplace. AstraZeneca uses all the three elements of the AAA framework, however, main focus is made on the adaptability and the arbitrage strategies of the company. The company introduces to the Young Health Programme to minimise the health issues from which a number of citizen suffer. Further, the company unites with the George Institute for Global Health to improve the health condition of the individuals. The company uses the cost effective strategies for cost minimisation, which is not that satisfactory. Thus, it can be inferred that the two elements of the company are used well that is the adaptability and the arbitrage strateg y of the company. The Alphapharm uses the first two elements of the AAA framework effectively that helps the company to achieve competitive advantage in the market of Australia. The company uses the adaptation element of the framework during the manufacturing and packaging process. The innovative and new technologies are implemented by the company. The Fonterra Co-op Groupuses all the three elements of the AAA framework to achieve an effective competitive advantage for itself. It uses the seven strategic path for itself that helps the company to perform as per the need and demand of the market. Moreover, the company Beingmate tender that helped to gain the aggregation strategy for the company. In order to use the third element that is the arbitrage the company includes open innovation policies. The Lion Nathan National Foods company in Australia pays attention towards the stakeholders need which can be referred as the use of the adaptation strategy in order to survive in the competitive market (Perry and Pyatt 2015). The company has been unsuccessful in using the elements of the AAA framework effectively. Elements AstraZeneca Alphapharm Fonterra Co-op Group Lion Nathan National Foods company Adaptation Young Health Programme Three-partnership with the George Institute for Global Health Innovative technology Seven key strategic paths Increase revenue Strategies to understand the need of stakeholders and improve sales Aggregation Cost effective approaches Pricing strategies Alphapharm offers generic products Sustainability of the government subsidised Pharmaceutical Benefit Schemes (PBS) Beingmate tender offer Culture is focused with constructive, inclusive and achievement Arbitrage Long-term partnership Educate the government about the generic medicines strategies and open innovation policies active research partnership with a number of universities and research facilities Supporting better choice for the products Conclusion From the above industry level analysis of the four chosen company it can be inferred that the AAA framework is an effective tool to measure the adaptability, aggregation and arbitrage strategy of the companies. The organisation are able to analyse their competitive advantage with the help of the AAA framework. The more a company is able to use the elements of the AAA framework the more is the company able to become competitively strong. The organisations gain a competitive advantage over its competitors that help them to earn higher market share and better market position. It can be therefore recommended that Fonterra Co-op Group needs to pay more focus on the utilization of the elements of the AAA framework. The maximum utilization of the elements will help the company to focus on the main objectives of the company that will in turn help to increase the market position of the company. The competitive strategies will help the industries and the companies to understand the industry in a better manner. Appropriate knowledge about the industry and the market supports the development of strong action plan. The organisational goals are effectively communicated that helps to achieve the goals in a smooth manner. Therefore, the proper use of the elements of the AAA framework (Adaptation, Aggregation and Arbitrage strategy) helps Alphapharm, AstraZeneca,Fonterra Co-op Group and Lion Nathan National Food in Australia to gain improved opportunity for success. References Astrazeneca.com. (2016).AstraZeneca - Research-Based BioPharmaceutical Company. [online] Available at: https://www.astrazeneca.com/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Barei, F., Le Pen, C. and Simoens, S., 2013. The generic pharmaceutical industry: moving beyond incremental innovation towards re-innovation.Generics Biosimilar J. Baroto, M.B., Abdullah, M.M.B. and Wan, H.L., 2012. Hybrid strategy: A new strategy for competitive advantage.International Journal of Business and Management,7(20), p.120. Bayraktar, C.A., Hancerliogullari, G., Cetinguc, B. and Calisir, F., 2016. Competitive strategies, innovation, and firm performance: an empirical study in a developing economy environment.Technology Analysis Strategic Management, pp.1-15. Cusumano, M.A., Kahl, S.J. and Suarez, F.F., 2015. Services, industry evolution, and the competitive strategies of product firms.Strategic management journal,36(4), pp.559-575. Devlin, J.F., 2013. Adding value to retail financial services.International Journal of Bank Marketing. Fonterra.com. (2016).Fonterra - About Fonterra. [online] Available at: https://www.fonterra.com/global/en/About [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Lechner, C. and Gudmundsson, S.V., 2014. Entrepreneurial orientation, firm strategy and small firm performance.International Small Business Journal,32(1), pp.36-60. Lionco.com, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.lionco.com/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Mylan.com.au. (2016).Mylan Seeing Is Believing. [online] Available at: https://www.mylan.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Perry, C. and Pyatt, R., 2015. Network theorys contribution to the development of marketing research. InProceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress(pp. 188-196). Springer International Publishing. Pulaj, e., Kume, v. and Cipi, a., 2015. The impact of generic competitive strategies on organizational performance. The evidence from albanian context.european scientific journal,11(28). Rashidirad, M., Soltani, E. and Syed, J., 2013. Strategic alignment between competitive strategy and dynamic capability: Conceptual framework and hypothesis development.Strategic Change,22(3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 4), pp.213-224. Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y. and Charoenngam, C., 2013. Competitive strategies and firm performance: the mediating role of performance measurement.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(2), pp.168-184.

Strategy and Performance Management at DSM Melamine

Key Processes that DSM Needs to Provide Based on the stages from performance management process, DSM Melamine will need to provide a number of key processes in its system in order to link its key success factors successfully. The first stage will be the process called ‘Local for local’ players (Cockins, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategy and Performance Management at DSM Melamine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this process, DSM will make an effort to ensure that its local customers, especially in Europe are given high quality products that would meet their expectations. The rationale for this process is to win the customers’ loyalty. The local for local players shifts the attention of this firm from the international focus to local focus. By producing local for the locals, there will be an extra attention on the local needs, making it easy to produce custom-made products . The products will be very specific in the needs they should address.  The second process will be the merchant players. Unlike in the first process that focused on the regional market, this process focuses on the global market (Bloemho, 2004). DSM Melamine is in the global market and it has the responsibility of defending its international operations. In this process, the focus will be on the low cost and security of sales. When operating globally, the low cost will be justified when DSM will be coordinating with merchants that help in breaking the bulk. These merchants prefer low-priced products because they also need to make profits. Their success is based on how fairly-priced the products of DSM are in the market. The success of DSM relies on how successful these merchants are in their operations. When the merchants are successful, it will be expected that DSM will also be successful. This will lead to the security of sales. When the merchants realize that they get more profit s by selling products of DSM than for any other firm, then they will become regular clients of DSM, thereby securing its sales. Business Strategies to Performance Measurement In order to determine the manner in which DSM Melamine has aligned its business strategies to performance measures, it will be necessary to identify the main value drivers. In this paper, the three main drivers that will be used include unit production cost, production volume, and sales volume. This firm has realized that the best way of remaining competitive is to align its strategies to the performance measures. Using the first driver of the unit production cost, DSM has introduced CTP (Capacity to Produce) strategy. In this strategy, the firm uses specific measurements to determine the capacity of various departments or systems in addressing various tasks in order to determine how the cost can be scaled down per unit item.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using the second driver of production volume, DSM has been focusing on the new technology to support its mass production. The firm is always under pressure to meet the massive global demands for its products. The performance measurement in this case is the amount of products that can come out of the manufacturing plants per unit time (Waal, 2013). To align its strategies to this performance measure, the management realized that it had to refocus on the emerging technologies as the best solution to this problem. Using the third measure of sales volume, the firm has been redefining its marketing and supply chain strategies. In an effort to increase its sales, this firm has considered using merchants instead of selling its products directly in the global market. The aim of this measure is to increase sales. The management realized that it was taking too long to learn about the market forces and sell its own products in the in ternational markets. Passing this responsibility to large merchants made it possible for this firm to focus only on the production and transportation of the products. This alliance with the merchants increased the sales of this firm. Critique of DSM’s Competitive Advantage In order to conduct a critique of DSM’s competitive advantage, it will be necessary to use assessment points discussed by Smither and London (2009). It is necessary to critique DSM’s competitive advantage using three assessment points. The first point is performance management training evaluation. Although the large size of DSM’s workforce may be considered a competitive advantage over other firms, it also has challenges when it comes to the performance management, training and evaluation. To manage a large workforce will require more resources. The same challenge is also witnessed when it comes to training and evaluating their performance within the firm. The second assessment point is the individual precursors (time 1). DSM may experience challenges in influencing its employees to be receptive to change. The large number of employees at this firm makes the workplace highly diversified. This means that finding a common ground in such an environment is very challenging. The third assessment point is the individual and departmental evaluation. DSM has many departments that have enabled it to manage the global needs. However, it would require more resources, in terms of finances, human resource, and time, to conduct a successful evaluation of the individual and departmental performance. The management will need to develop a strategy that will help eliminate these challenges.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategy and Performance Management at DSM Melamine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bloemho, M. (2004). Strategy and Performance Management at DSM. INSEAD 1(5165), 1-30. Cocki ns, G. (2009). Performance Management: Integrating Strategy Execution, Methodologies, Risks, and Analytics. Ney Jersey: Wiley. Smither, J. London, M. (2009). Performance Management: Putting Research into action. New Jersey: Wiley Sons. Waal, A. (2013). Strategic performance management: A managerial and behavioural approach. New York: Cengage. This case study on Strategy and Performance Management at DSM Melamine was written and submitted by user Mekh1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Corporal punishment

Internationally, corporal punishment is considered to be one of the most ignored topics. Hot debates and discussions on the issues have been launched within vast communities globally. In simple language, corporal punishment can be defined as any use of physical force on someone with the intentions of correcting behavior (Prue and Alister par. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporal punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, the entire discussion focuses on the cultural view upon corporal punishment and how it progressed with time. The paper also explains as to why through generations people preferred corporal punishment as discipline measure in child rearing despite of the consequences in has. Overview Corporal punishment has been known for long to be the best way of inflicting discipline on children. The punishment basically involves hitting a child with the hand, smacking, belting and even spanking (David par. 5). Moreover, there are other ways in which corporal punishment can also be administered. They include; kicking, biting, shaking and even forcing the child to stay in a discomfort environment for a period of time. Historically, corporal punishment was introduced back in the 10th century. In most communities, the cultural rules expect children to fully comply with their parents or teachers directives. Failure to comply with the directives given calls for severe corporal punishment administered to the child. Many people confuse corporal punishment with physical abuse. It is clear that corporal punishment involve inflicting mild pain on the body. On the other hand, physical abuse involves subjection to painful experience leading to injury development (David par. 8). Notable to mention is that, in the current world, the degree of punishment administration is regulated by the law. How is corporal punishment viewed cross-culturally? Internationally, there are very man y communities practicing different cultures. It is because of this that multicultural jurisprudence has been developed. This offer wider range of substantive solution to matter arising as a result of communities clashes. Most of these cultural clashes arise due to children issues. Therefore, it is important to mention that different communities have developed different mechanism used in child rearing practices. It can be noted that, such practices are widely divergent internationally. On the same note, the main divergent practice in child rearing is disciplinary measures employed (Alison p. 256). Many communities have different definition to the word child discipline. It is clear that majority of communities globally, embrace the use of physical force in correcting behavior. This is known as corporal punishment. It is meant to ensure that the child socialize well with everyone in the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporal punishment according to most community is a cultural practice that is mandatory. In anthropology, there is the theory of cultural relativism that deeply explains different cultural interpretation on corporal punishment. Based on the theory, it is evident that most communities treasure the fact that morality in the society must be strongly constructed (Alison p. 256). This means that most communities do practice corporal punishment to maintain high standard of morality despite having different cultural beliefs. In this case, most traditional cultures have set a standard of tolerance as a way of achieving community expectation. There are different forms of administering physical punishment according to culture. This means that, different communities have their own form of punishing children. Such punishment must be implemented even if it violates both national and international punishment standard. Additionally, the American cult ural practice has been ranked to be one of the worst and the cruelest form of physical punishment internationally. This is according to societies with traditional cultures that are treated under the same collection (Alison p. 257). On the other hand, cultural punishment practices should not be viewed as abusive as far as child rearing is concerned. This is because the practices are purely in accordance with the entire community standard. This means that all community members are in agreement with the cultural practice. It is important for each community to maintain high disciplinary standard on their children in whatsoever way. However, it is wrong for anyone to criticize a particular community for their customary practices. Outsiders must learn to comply with every strategy employed to promote morality within a community. As long as the main objective of corporal punishment is to boost good socialization among people, then communities must be encouraged to go on. This is because di scipline is an important aspect that must not be ignored in child rearing practice (Alison p. 258). What are the different motivations for engaging in corporal punishment in child-rearing? Corporal punishment is a disciplinary measure employed on children breaking either parents or teachers directives. This can be at any level. Violation of rules can occur either at home or even at school. There are different motivating factors contributing to the administration of corporal punishment. However, these factors widely vary depending on the environment and location of the child. Research studies have revealed that in America, majority of parents employ corporal punishment on their children (Elizabeth p. 10). This means that most parents use physical force in administering discipline to their children. Statistically, almost two thirds of parents with children under 2 years punish their children physically (Elizabeth p. 10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporal punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, 80% and 85% of parents in America physically punished their children at 5th grade and adolescent respectively. This is a clear evidence of how corporal punishment was highly treasured in America culturally. The most contributing factor to physical punishment is lack of clear legislative policies that govern the consistency in which corporal punishment should be implemented. Therefore, whenever the child commits any mistake, the parents are always ready to administer painful physical punishment. There are children who are generally disadvantaged as far as corporal punishment is concerned. In America, according to gender, the male child is more exposed than the female (Prue and Alister par. 13). Most American parents would prefer light punishment for the girl child. Contrary, the boy child is always exposed to tough physical punishment. There are other family motivating factors. Fami ly population is another key motivating factor (Prue and Alister par. 13). In most cases, parents in large family go through hard time especially when trying to maintain high morality standard among their children. Factors like economic disadvantage also contribute and increase the likelihood of parents resorting to physical punishment (Prue and Alister par. 13). Parents are most likely to employ corporal punishment depending on their ethnic background and religious beliefs. In some communities, religion form very strong foundation on people lives. People are bound to live and operate following the religious teaching. Therefore, if the use of physical punishment on children is fully approved, then parents are bound to implement it according to the religion. Furthermore, there are parent who administer severe physical punishment to their children simply because they passed through the same when they were children. According to such parent experience, corporal punishment is the only w ay to make a child obedient and successful (Elizabeth p. 12).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low level of education among parents is another factor that can contribute to employment of corporal punishment in child rearing process (Elizabeth p.12). This is because such parents do not understand or approve civilized strategies of disciplining children. Therefore, children are subjected to the traditional system of punishment administration their parent know (Elizabeth p.12). The other contributing factor includes the weigh of the misbehavior committed by the child. There are misbehaviors children engage in that could easily force their parent to use physical punishment. For example; if the child seriously hurt someone else or does something that could endanger life. In such scenario, most parents due to anger are likely to employ severe physical punishment (Elizabeth p.12). What are the different motivations for rejecting corporal punishment in child-rearing? In child rearing, parents must ensure that their children have access to full protection. Protection in this case refe rs to subjection to minimal pain and suffering. Internationally, there are countries that have come up with new legislative laws on corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 3). The law control and guide parents on how to administer punishment on their children. This is because there are children who sustain serious injuries due to corporal punishment. This is against the international principles of proper child care. One of the motivating factors contributing to rejection of corporal punishment is the strict legislative law on parents who cause injuries on their children that can last for over 24 hours (Prue and Alister par. 4). Such cases are considered to be physical child abuse and they are illegal. Parents are also encouraged to avoid hitting private and delicate parts of the body when administering corporal punishment. Therefore, parents who ignore such rules are liable to face prosecution. The other factor is the knowledge on the negative effects corporal punishment creates on the child. This has also contributed to the decline of physical punishment. Research has proven that children who are frequently subjected to severe corporal punishment may develop an impaired mental status. This might force the child to grow up associated with psychological maladjustments in adulthood. Therefore, most parents have dropped corporal punishment because of the negative side effect it has on children. It is known that one of the main objectives of corporal punishment is to correct behavior. However, most parents have realized that the more they punish their children the more they become rude. This means that the more corporal punishment is administered to a child, the more aggressive and disobedient the child becomes. Therefore, many parents have sought for other civilized punishment methods rather than corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 4). In the end, this has contributed to the decline of corporal punishment administration. How do motivation factors make s ense within the cultural context? It is important to mention there is no guarantee that all the mention motivation factors would bear 100% positive results. Within the cultural context, it is vital to explain the reason as to why corporal punishment does not make sense. To begin with, corporal punishment in real life situation does not teach children as to why the behavior committed was wrong (Elizabeth p. 12). This is purely against the cultural punishment practices. According to the culture, criminals must be told of the crime they committed before judgment. But corporal punishment does not offer this option. Different cultural groups globally have varying ways of endorsing physical punishment as a strategy of inflicting discipline on children. It is clear that most parents would support physical punishment once it is a cultural practice that has been embraced for years. In this context, no parent would ever agree to the fact that corporal punishment is harmful to children and sho uld be abandoned. Contrary, in the community, there are people with different opinion. Not all parents would believe that physical punishment is the only alternative method of punishing the child. These are the people who reject corporal punishment even if it is a cultural practice (Elizabeth p. 19). Has corporal punishment practices changed over time? In America, the use of corporal punishment as a disciplinary measure in child rearing has been strongly used throughout generations. Since the 17th century, corporal punishment has been the only solution for parents who wanted to correct their children characters. Nevertheless, this practice is currently fading away slowly. The beginning of 21st century opened new hope for children in America. Back in the 1960s, about 94% of American parents approved and supported the use of corporal punishment (Elizabeth p. 11). Research conducted at that time revealed that over 80% of American parent agreed to the fact that hitting a child helps in correcting behavior (Elizabeth p. 11). Nevertheless, as time went by, this cultural belief faded away slowly. In the year 2004, the same researchers concluded that the number of people supporting corporal punishment had reduced. Moreover, the percentage of parents agreeing with corporal punishment also dropped to about 71.3% (Elizabeth p. 11). In this case, it was clear that despite some parents do support corporal punishment; the number of supporting parents was gradually dropping. Furthermore, a survey conducted in the year 2005 revealed that only 23% of American parents approve corporal punishment to be used in schools (Elizabeth p. 11). This means that over 70% of American parents strongly rejected the use of physical punishment in schools. This was a clear indication that the use of corporal punishment was declining at a very steady state. The other evidence to the fact that corporal punishment was fading away in America was the establishment of corporal punishment task force i n the year 1992 (Michael and Murray par. 15). The task force was introduced by the American department of children affairs. The work of the task force was to campaign against the implementation of physical punishment on children. Similarly, another task force was also introduced by the American academy of pediatrics (Michael and Murray par. 15). In addition, the American national advocacy organization was also introduced in the year 1992. All this was devoted solely in the struggle to completely eliminate implementation of corporal punishment in child rearing. In 1992, a stimulating motto saying; end physical punishment of children (EPOCH) was also formed (Michael and Murray par. 15). The introduction of EPOCH further steered forward the fight against corporal punishment in America. EPOCH grew to be an international slogan and extended widely the fight against corporal punishment in other countries like United Kingdom. Ironically, it is important to mention that, corporal punishment has been widely neglected for long across the globe (Michael and Murray par. 17). This has been the main reason for the slowness in eradicating the practice. It is evident that even books meant to campaign against corporal punishment are very scarce globally (Michael and Murray par. 17). Most ironical is that, the few books available only contain information on corporal punishment not more than half a page. This neglect is one of the key contributing factors as to why corporal punishment is still being implemented internationally (Michael and Murray par. 17). In America, the use of physical punishment has greatly reduced in school today. Most schools have reduced the employment of physical punishment on their students. In some states like Iowa and New Jersey, physical punishment has completely been banned in all schools (Michael and Murray par. 17). Internationally, about 23 countries have successfully prohibited the use of physical punishment as a corrective measure in child reari ng (Prue and Alister par. 10). However, the entire process slowly began in schools through legislative mechanism (Prue and Alister par. 10). Furthermore, this was followed by the removal of lawful correction defense most parents used to promote corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 10). This means that there was no more defense excuse in court by parents and that corporal punishment on children was considered to be serious crime. It is also evident that in most countries, corporal punishment on children precisely in specific setting like schools has also been abolished. This achievement was also promoted widely after the formation of global initiative to end corporal punishment on children 2008 (Prue and Alister par. 10). In summary, however, it is important to point out that corporal punishment has greatly declined with time. The cultural perspective people had on physical punishment is now fading away slowly. The advancement of civilization and modern education has enabled mo st parents to employ other ways of effectively disciplining their children. This has killed the ancient cultural physical punishment methods people used before. The law is also not friendly on people who injure children in the name of correcting a behavior. This has scared most parents to keep off from such brutal punishment imposed on children (Prue and Alister par. 10). Impacts of corporal punishment practice Various research studies conducted have revealed that corporal punishment is not a sure and effective form of discipline. This is because of the fact that children could easily develop fear on their parents. Such fear can easily weaken the child social participation. Additionally, it is also easy to erode the child to parent relationship due to fear (Elizabeth p. 18). In this case, the child would prefer staying away from the parents and be safe from punishment. Corporal punishment may also teach the child to be more violent. This is seen when the child grow up knowing that v iolence must be linked with any loving relationship (Elizabeth p. 18). Such children end up being more violent than their parents. The child could also develop the notion that aggression is the only way to achieve a goal. The other important reason is the fact that physical punishment can fully interfere with the parent message. This is because since the child is subjected to painful experience, the perception on the parent directives could disappear automatically (Elizabeth p. 18). Conclusion In summary, it is very clear from the discussion that the issue on corporal punishment is greatly contentious. The emergence of modern education is the key contributing factor to the decline of corporal punishment (Adam and Megan par. 1). Most learned parents have opted to use other alternative ways of disciplining children other than corporal punishment. This has contributed to the decline of corporal punishment today (Adam and Megan par. 1). Works Cited Adam, Zolotor and Megan E. Puzia. Bans Against Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review of the Laws, Changes in Attitudes and Behaviors. 21 July, 2010. Web. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/car.1131. Alison D. Renteln 2010, Corporal Punishment and The Cultural Defense. PDF file. 9 Dec. 2012. https://lcp.law.duke.edu/. David, Benatar. Corporal Punishment. 4 Feb. 2001. Web. https://www.corpun.com/benatar.htm. Elizabeth T. Gershoff 2008, Report on Physical Punishment in The United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children. PDF file. 9 Dec. 2012. https://www.zeroabuseproject.org/center-for-effective-discipline/. Michael, Donnelly and Murray A. Straus. â€Å"Corporal Punishment of Children in Theoretical Perspective.† Yale University Press. (2005): 3-7. New Haven. London. Web. Prue, Holzer and Alister Lamount. â€Å"Corporal Punishment Key Issues.† National Child Protection Clearinghouse. 978.1 (2010). Australian Institute of Family Studies. Web. This essay on Corporal punishment was written and submitted by user Kelsey Petty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment as a form of disciplinary action to children has elicited a fierce debate and controversy over its effectiveness in shaping children’s behavior in the society. Sociologists, psychologists, and legal experts differ on whether corporal punishment has long-term benefits in shaping children’s behavior or not. The difference in opinions has resulted into quest for more research in order to ascertain both short and long-term effects of corporal punishment on children.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporal Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gershoff argues that, â€Å"crucial questions remain unanswered, such as what range of child behaviors and experiences are empirically associated with parental corporal punishment, as well as why, how, and for whom corporal punishment might have such effects† (539). Due to lack of empirical evidences to prove whether cor poral punishment is harmful or not to the children, the opposing schools of thought are yet to justify their theoretical views and beliefs. The research concerning corporal punishment is very complex because there are no clear-cut differences between abusive punishment and non-abusive punishment, thus confounding the research findings. Furthermore, corporal punishment and naughty behaviors have intricate relationship in that, it is very difficult to establish causal relationships. Since corporal punishment is associated with untoward childhood behaviors and experiences, it is an ineffective and an undesirable form of parental discipline. Corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline because it only causes immediate compliance, which has short-term effects in shaping child’s behavior contrary to the long-term expectations by the parents. Numerous studies have shown that parents normally administer corporal punishment with the objective of reali zing immediate compliance of the children. Empirical studies have proved that short-term compliance due to corporal punishment is very effective in learning. â€Å"There is general consensus that corporal punishment is effective in getting children to comply immediately, but at the same time there is caution from child abuse researchers that corporal punishment by its nature can escalate into physical maltreatment† (Gershoff 549). Meta-analysis has proved that administration of corporal punishment does not have long-term behavioral change as expected by the parents; it only causes immediate compliance, and this phenomenon beats the logic of using corporal punishment in disciplining children. Corporal punishment is essential in achieving control of rowdy and disruptive children; nevertheless, it does not help in long-term development of behavior in children. Although corporal punishment has short-term compliance, continued and consistent administration negatively affects inter nalization of morals.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Continued and consistent administration of corporal punishment affects children negatively in the process internalizing the desired morals. Moral internalization is appropriate mechanism of developing acceptable behaviors because intrinsic factors rather than the extrinsic factors form the essential driving forces that compel children to mature well. Social and emotional maturation of the children critically depends on the intrinsic factors for such factors enable children to internalize moral values and beliefs in the society. In contrast, extrinsic factors such as corporal punishment seem to have an imposing influence on the intrinsic factors thus affecting internalization of morals. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate behavior development during the growth of children have mutually exclusive effect in t he development of behaviors. According to the attribution theory, â€Å"theorists emphasize that power-assertive methods such as corporal punishment promote children’s external attributions for their behavior and minimize their attributions to internal motivations corporal punishment †¦ may not facilitate moral internalization because it does not teach children reasons for behaving correctly† (Gershoff 541). Therefore, corporal punishment does not instill the essence of morality to the children for children subjected to corporal punishment behave according to conditioned punishment. Since the children do not understand the essence of morality, they develop aggressive behaviors to resist or avoid severe corporal punishment. Administration of corporal punishment results into aggressive behavior; hence it is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline. The relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior is very complex to establish causal relationship. Extensive literature reviews have confirmed that, there is significant positive correlation between corporal punishment and aggressive behaviors among children. These findings imply that corporal punishment promotes development of aggressive behaviors in children, thus inappropriate form of parental discipline. Based on the attribution theory, the relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior emanate from the fact that corporal punishment interferes with the internalization of moral values and beliefs, leaving children to depend on extrinsic factors as determinants of morality resulting into aggressive defense.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporal Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social control theory also indicates that corporal punishment degrades child-parent relationship, prevent internalization of moral values, and increases aggressive behaviors du e to lack of internal motivation and self-control. Gershoff argues that, â€Å"parental corporal punishment affects children primarily by initiating and shaping emotional and cognitive processes in the children, which in turn predispose them to engage in certain behaviors or have particular experiences such as aggression† (551). Hence, cognitive processes are important in mediating and developing aggressive behaviors and experiences. However, it is very difficult to establish causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. Despite the assumption that untoward behavior and experiences relates with corporal punishment, the causal relation between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors is blurred which makes it difficult to determine the causational effect. Psychological research depends on observational and experiential models to establish causal relationships but the findings do not consider confounding factors that could possibly mediate assumed causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. Gershoff asserts that although models of correlation have assumed that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors, they have not sufficiently ruled out the possibility that naughty behaviors to induce corporal punishment, â€Å"because corporal punishment occurs rarely and eludes observation, researchers interested in the effects of corporal punishment need to consider more ingenious methods of establishing causality† (556). Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that causation relationship exists between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. However, meta-analysis research has attempted to demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors in children. The establishment of causation relationship is quite possible because meta-analysis research measures and monitors behavior development from the e arliest point possible thus considering time precedence and isolating other factors that may confound the causational effect. Since there is no significance evidence to rule out that corporal punishment increases development of naughty behaviors, then corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline. Conclusion In a recap, the controversy regarding the effectiveness of corporal punishment still rages as the opposing schools of thoughts have strong evidence to support their views. Sociologists, psychologists and legal experts have not yet reached a conclusion that corporal punishment elicits untoward behaviors and experiences in children. Given that the relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behavior in children is very complex, it is also difficult to establish the causational relationship without making some assumptions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, meta-analysis has significantly demonstrated that there is causational relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. The relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behaviors portrays chicken-egg relationship in that, it is difficult to establish which one of two comes first. Works Cited Gershoff, Elizabeth. â€Å"Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.† Psychological Bulletin 128.4 (2002): 539–579. This critical writing on Corporal Punishment was written and submitted by user Makenzie Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.